Harga Grating Besi. 3. Industrial Bar Grating is dipped in black primer for temporary protection and not for cosmetic applicatons as is. Contact our team to learn more. , Ltd. Today, Weldlok pioneers new and specialised designs for Australia’s growing needs. Aluminium Grating >. com. Standard metal bar grating panels for standard metal structure. Martin Green is Scientia Professor at the University of New South Wales, Sydney and Director of the Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, involving several other Australian Universities and research groups. Fleet & Vehicle Maintenance. Jakarta Pusat MIKA_Online. Mentis is a world leader in high-quality grating, handrailing, expanded metal, guardrail and other light structural. Looking forward, the publisher expects the market to reach a value of US$ 254. Innovation and excellence stamped into every steel solution. Proudly made in Australia and compliant with all Australian Standards, our outdoor drainage grates feature marine-grade 316 stainless steel or hot dip galvanised steel to ensure durability. The Weldlok Balltube. As with most Weldlok products, our treads can be custom manufactured to suit most sizes and. 200mm x 995mm x 25mm. 23 Bn in 2022 and is expected to reach USD 225. Structural Steel Shapes; Structural Tubing; Steel Merchants; Steel Sheet; Coil; Plates;GRATING PACIFIC Service. Sydney, NSW Tema Oil Terminal PLC (TOT) Oil and Gas Kpone, Greater Accra Wolfhead Advertising Services. The minimum support dimension for grating and expanded metal is 25mm for load bars up to 50mm deep and a minimum of 50mm for load bars > 50mm deep. These calculations show the procedures used to prepare data for metal bar grating load tables. We have two locations to best serve your metal and fiberglass needs. Contact Auswave Today. All Wedgewire products can be ordered as heelproof with a minimum bar aperture of 5mm. At Direct Metals ® we pride ourselves on the customer service that we provide as your architectural metal supplier. Applications: Walkways, flooring, ramps, bridge flooring, trench and drainage covers, mezzanines, platforms, stair treads, etc. $319. 9% during 2024-2032. Established in 1955 as the Graham Group in Yagoona, NSW, NEPEAN Building & Infrastructure has evolved by providing specialised solutions and support through industrial. That means we focus on what matters most – you. GR_CQGV_0077. Ranging from 316 stainless steel to galvanised steel and cast iron, there is a grate option to suit any project. 1-800-GRAINGER. com. 5. Vulcraft’s wide range of steel bar grating includes standard, heavy duty, and stair treads, and is manufactured with versatility in mind. Compare. Its experienced team of professionals has built up a comprehensive range of products that meet the industry standards for strength and durability. We can supply lightweight (20mm) to. Stainless Steel Grating. Metalcorp supplies a wide range of quality rural farm products such as stock handling equipment and fencing, as well as steel for building and fabrication. Or see our load charts here. Region 8. They can be produced with almost any combination of pitch size. Weldlok® Steel Grating Aluminium Grating, Treads & Handrail Fibreglass Platforms, Walkways & Treads Ask our sales team for a copy of these and other Weldlok® product brochures NEPEAN™ Building & Infrastructure 6945 Nepean Weldlok Steel Grating_16pp-r1. Pattern F. Webforge F pattern grating has been specifically developed for the mining industry where spillage of material onto floors is a problem. Road Safety Grating 13 Healey Road Dandenong South, VIC 3175 P: (03) 9238 5888 F: (03) 9238 5800 E: sales@grating. Expanded. 81. McNICHOLS® Expanded Metal Grating provides reliable solutions for load-bearing applications. A. Fibre Glass Grating. Recommended minimum landing is equal to. Stainless Steel Wedgewire grating aids water flow while. Carbon steel grating has vertical and horizontal lines that allow light, heat, and air to pass through easily. Commercial and Residential Sectors. Tescosteel offers a large choice of high-quality products, including Stainless Steel Spiral Wound Gasket and Stainless Steel Refractory Anchors. If you run a business with high traffic restrooms or maintain a factory or outdoor industrial operation where drainage plays an important role in cleanliness, chances are that you are familiar with the “Heel Guard” grating style. For large projects, Weldlok can also supply perforated metal panels in particular shapes, powder-coated colours or folded for custom orders. 11-W-2 or 11-W-4 Available Sizes. Table of Content. The sizes available, range from 1/8”to ¼” thick from 3/4" to 1-3/4. The Jibbon Head Boardwalk is located within the Royal National Park south of Sydney and overlooks historical Aboriginal rock carvings. Strength and Durability Comparison. Expanded metal grating is made by creating slits in a metal sheet and then stretching (expanding) the sheet, resulting in a diamond pattern. 2. Everything you need to know about steel grating, including grating types, metals used, applications, and more specs to keep in mind when starting a project. type of material – steel, galvanized, stainless, aluminum, or fiberglass. Fiberglass. McNICHOLS® stocks Standard-Duty Welded Bar Grating, Stainless Steel, Type 304, GW 100 Serrated, Welded Construction, 1" x 3/16" Bearing Bars, 1-3/16" on Center, Regular Cross Bars 4" on Center, 19W4 Spacing. Our PAIGE STAINLESS HEELGUARD ® is an innovative slip resistant wedgewire grating system specially designed for public areas with pedestrian access. com roba rtconstructionsupplies@gmai. Press-locked Galvanized steel grating is made of low carbon steel and stainless steel. Load Capacity: Medium Duty. is a Manufacturer of the wide spectrum Bus Stop Shelters, flag mast pole, high mast poles, etc. An unmatched supply chain from multiple manufacturing locations, Webforge provides cost effective high quality flooring and safety barrier solutions, either fabricated to exact project specifications or standard products available immediately. With 2 main manufacturing plants in Sydney and Perth and smaller. Traditional Galvanised Steel Grate Only. You can also send us an email using the form. Installation DetailsMinimum support dimension. Energy-Saving and Eco-Friendly. Rp450. They have been identified based on their product quality, customer service, and price. The Original. Then baked onto self-healing Zinc Alumina roll stock. GMS Grating. Name. Innovative and Sustainable solutions for transport, mining, agriculture and construction businesses in Australia. It is able to hold heavy equipment, personnel and products while providing drainage. Whether your looking for RHS, SHS, CHS, Angle, mesh and Plates and more. The specific format of the grating is also important depending on what is being used for. You will need a power saw with a carbide-tipped blade, a welder, and a grinder. Whether your looking for RHS, SHS, CHS, Angle, mesh and Plates and more. RHS Steel Supplies is the supplier of Mild Steel, Galvanised Steel, Aluminium Plate and Stainless Accessories for the construction, engineering and marine industries. Structural Steel. The global steel grating market size reached US$ 202. Webforge Aluminium Grating. Steel Grating; Galvanized steel grating; Heavy duty grating; Press-locked steel grating; Welded. 3mm. Grating in Stainless Steel, Aluminium & Steel Grating made to order in stainless steel, aluminium and steel Custom grating in powder coated, painted, hot dip galvanised or. Many companies. Over 20 years of experience. 000. WE DELIVER 5-DAYS A WEEK. Metal grating is manufactured from high-grade steel materials and allows for advanced drainage, ventilation, aesthetics, and safety standards for various industrial applications. Webforge Stair Treads are available in a choice of grating profile and tread format: Steel Grating. Sisk Gratings, Inc. Webforge sells steel grating, aluminium grating, handrail, screens, drainage grates & covers, safety barriers and flooring for access systems, civil drainage and other applications in Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and across Asia. on Alibaba. Compound Steel Grating with Hot-Dip. In stock and ready to ship. 19-W-2 or 19-W-4 Available Sizes. 150. Steel Grating dengan 30 mm bearing bar pitch sering digunakan untuk keperluan area industry. Get the steel you need to complete construction. 340. Sell grating steel November 2023 cheap, Best quality with affordable price from Indonesia's best distributors, factory and suppliers only at Indotrading. Kian Huat Metal. We also stock. Each of our external grate and drains are available with a range of drainage accessories (sold separately), including end caps, outlets and filters to suit your chosen. Expanded Metal &Steel Grating. The most common materials used are stainless steel and aluminum. Mild Steel Grating is commonly used in walkway infrastructure projects and is a very flexible, cost-effective solution to provide safe walking surfaces and a variety of applications. At Auswave Products, our linear bathroom shower grates are manufactured in Australian using 316 grade stainless steel. Phoenix, AZ (888) 936-9201 | Los Alamitos, CA (800) 321-4314 Tracy, CA (800) 491-7999 | Woodburn, OR (800) 942-4041 | Kent, WA (800) 243-3939 c. Products include the FRP panel and deck system for walkway, bridges and rail platforms; maintenance-free berthing systems for ships; and energy absorbing protection systems for critical infrastructure. The great versatility and aesthetics of the metal grating has diversified its use for all kinds of applications within industry and construction. All gratings are manufactured according to the relevant Australian Standards. For large projects, Weldlok can also supply perforated metal panels in particular shapes, powder-coated colours or folded for custom orders. Hinged & Lockable Grates & Frames; Bolts Down Grates & Frames; Roadway Grates & Frames; Airport Grates & Frames; Surcharge V Grates & Frames; Trench Grates;. Gripmaster anti slip plates for other floor surfaces Gripmaster anti-slip stair nosings are manufactured on a base of 1. Get high performance trench drain grates with various load capacities at Heelguard. McNICHOLS® Bar Grating brings safety, strength, durability, and character when installed in either industrial or architectural applications. U. Stainless steel grating platforms are commonly used for mezzanines, floors, staircase landings, walkways and catwalks, work platforms, and so forth. Removed stabilised material requirements from C4. Pattern F. This makes them ideal for use on balconies, decks and verandahs, or wherever site access is an issue. including galvanised mild steel,. Weldlok is proud to share that their SK-A aluminium expanded mesh has been manufactured using environment-conscious technologies. Mascot Engineering’s GMS Trench Grate and Frames come in a standard 1000mm length for easier installation. Item/Type: Grating clip / Galvanized grating clip Material Grade: Mild Steel, Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel AISI 304/316; Finish: Mill finish, Hot Dip Galvanized, Painted, PolishedOne of R&S Grating’s most popular products, EGAL trench grating is light, strong, bike-friendly and anti-slip. Price LANTAI BESI DAN BAJA GRATING PLATE STEEL BAR. Fabricate/install according to recommendation. com. com. Webforge Aluminium Grating is recommended for corrosive applications where light weight is important, and/or quality of appearance is paramount. In order to increase slip resistance there are a number of options available for consideration, especially for sloping walkways. We stock and fabricate to meet your needs at our 19 locations. Stainless steel, aluminium & mild steel fabrication and CNC machining solutions. It is built to endure the most ruthless condition that water, chemical and weight can throw at it. Meeting the Standards. We are specialists in the design and supply of high quality, durable grating, industrial and modular handrail, steel flooring, FRP flooring, and drainage grates. 98kPa) D = deflection in mm for the load U. BROWSE CATALOG. Sump Grates. Treadwell's collection of FRP grating solutions has expanded progressively and now includes extensive grating offerings with a wide range of ancillary components and fixings. Trench Grating Systems by Indiana Gratings allow the specifier to combine any of the gratings illustrated above with any of the embed frames profiled on page 14. FRP molded grating structural products is staggered interwoven and resin fully saturated, with its thickness 25mm, 38mm, 40mm to make the heavy truck go through. Stainless Steel Heelproof Grates. It is lightweight for handling ease, yet is strong enough to stand up to industrial and commercial applications. Our industrial grates are fabricated from. Sunj Grating Limited. Members of the company are of rich experience and very passionate to cooperate with each other. Weldlok - NEPEAN Weldlok ® has proudly serviced the Australian market for more than 60 years, fabricating and supplying steel products to meet infrastructure, industrial, civil and architectural needs and today is part of NEPEAN™ Building & Infrastructure. Fiberglass Grating Read More. 1. Special Order. Get Quote. Whether it’s carbon steel, hot-rolled steel, cold-rolled steel, tool steel, alloy steel, aluminum, stainless steel, bronze, brass or copper, we have what you need. Anti-Slip EGAL trench grating incorporate an anti-slip groove. Smooth. Surface type: Standard Plain. subjected to uniformly distributed gravity loading (dead + live. Ideal for trench grating or strip drains, these grates are commonly used at the end of driveways and can be cast into the slab or into asphalt. Shower Grates, Stainless Drains, Floor Grating, and Drainage Solutions Galore: A Class Grates Offers Valuable Services to Sydney and Caringbah Markets If you are restoring a bathroom floor in Caringbah or Sydney, chances are that A Class Grates will enter into your conversations about the best companies to seek for assistance. Introduction. Beijing LV flagship store. Hot Dip Galvanized Steel Grating. Auswave Product Range. Kian Huat Metal. 38W4 Heavy Duty Welded Steel Bar Grating is primarily used for areas with traffic of H-10, H-20, automobiles, and forklift traffic. Easy to install, R&S Grating stock EGAL. Item: 2605151412. It is made up of metal bars that are welded or pressure-locked together to form a grid-like structure. $157 00. Tough, unyielding and cost-effective, the ‘large mesh’ range sets the standard in expanded metal solutions. Compare. Metal Grating Products. Stainless Steel Shower Grates. to 1-3/16". McNICHOLS carries one of the largest inventories of Steel and Aluminum Grating as well as Fiberglass Grating and Flooring. MaxiGRATE mini mesh with a 20mm x 20mm/40mm x 40mm grid pattern with a 42% open area. ) Thick 3mm. Custom Grates can be manufactured in Galvanised Mild Steel (GMS) or Stainless Steel. 41. Several options include galvanized bar grating, safety grating, shur grip grating, stair tread, and standard steel grating. Choose these stair treads for greater durability than metal plank grating stair treads. Webforge can supply 10mm square pre-welded cleats at prescribed intervals to suit your specific application. Plug-Type Flat Steel Grating Sturdy and Beautiful. NEPEAN Building & Infrastructure supplies Weldlok’s Mastermesh Perforated Metal designed for architects, construction companies, civil engineers and others involved in commercial and residential property development. Region 4B – MIMAROPA. Before you start cutting, you will need to measure and mark the grating. A series of bearing bars are welded, swage-locked, or press-locked together with perpendicular. 51%. Stainless Steel Shower Grates; Stainless Steel Heelproof Grates; Trench Grating. au Bike Safe EGAL trench grating fully comply with AS3996 BTPR requirements. The boardwalk is raised to protect the rock carvings from any damage. 2. 150mm Medium Duty. Steel grating yang digunakan di Karlita merupakan steel grating yang sudah terstandarisasi dan tersertifikasi resmi di Indonesia. 988. Innovation and excellence stamped into every steel solution. When high demands of non-slip, such as in oil deck, stair treads, the sand cover for molded. In stock and ready to ship. Available in 3 sizes with a clear opening of. These bar grating clips are either standard or exclusively designed to suit client specific requirements. We have an extensive range of galvanised Trench Grates and Heelguard Grates also available. Our team can dispatch to your site, enabling us to gain a deeper. Mentis is a world leader in high-quality grating, handrailing, expanded metal, guardrail and other light structural steel products. One of R&S Grating’s most popular products, EGAL trench grating is light, strong, bike-friendly and anti-slip. Ingleburn NSW 2565. is a leading steel grating manufacturer in China, dedicated to providing superior quality products and services since its establishment in 2006. au. A grating is any regularly spaced collection of essentially identical, parallel, elongated elements. , Ltd. Add to Cart. It provides a smooth clean look ideal for. indd 3 Grating Terminology Fastening Methods Series 15 Grating 5 CONTENTS Manufacturing. 1000mm. Australia Wide Shipping. GI-RO technique offers different constructions of grating, each with its advantages. Electronics & Batteries. At Civilmart, we offer a wide range of galvanised drain grates that are designed to meet your stormwater, drainage, civil, and plumbing needs. Color: Silver. your project requirements. ‘MARKET DRIVEN INDUSTRY LED SOLUTION’ is our tagline when it comes to fabrication of products for your project Others would deliver you their products but we deliver you our CAPABILITY, EXPERIENCE, REPUTATION, PRECISION AND QUALITY. SSS offers an extensive range in all structural steel fabrication, adjustable steel posts, galvanized flat bars, solid base angle, concrete lintels, T-bars, Mono stringer packages, Mesh & Bar, retaining wall supports/ sleepers and Site Installation. Region 6. If you are in Sydney and are looking to buy steel, mesh, checker plate or even trailer parts and accessories, please don’t hesitate to contact THE METAL. Molded frp versus pultruded grating; Types of gratings; Install tcmy grating with tgc -grating clip; Grp grating; Jual grating floor; Paver-grate installation video full; Gratings/steel & stainless steel; Galvanized iron grating for industrial, size: 3 x 9 feet; Ms gratings serrated anti skid; Gratings; Granite frp gully gratings 450x450 mm 20. Mild Steel Grating ₹ 90/Kg. For nearly a century, metal bar grating has been the predominant choice for open metal flooring. Stainless Grates Sydney. HOTDIP GALVANIZED STEEL GRATINGS 0. au. 38W4 Heavy Duty Grating is available in bearing bar sizes ranging from 1” to 6” depths and thicknesses of 1/4. Skip to main content Business of BlueScope. (A checker Plate style surface is also available. $98. Measure and mark the grating. We can take your project from concept and support you with, Planning, Feasibility, design, supply. , Ltd is the second largest steel grating manufacturer in China. Cast Iron Trench Grates and Frames; Class G Cast Iron Trench Grates and Frames; Stainless Steel Grating. Everhard has a range of grates and covers to suit the various stormwater pit sizes. See moreStainless steel stairs (with optional custom gold plating or other opulent interpretations) Drip tray grates; Wet deck grates and tree grates; We provide custom. CONVENIENT. Contact Supplier. Home; News; Products. Diantara series lainnya, series ini memiliki daya tahan yang kuat terhadap tekanan yang kuat. If you are in Sydney and are looking to buy steel, mesh, checker plate or even trailer parts and accessories, please don’t hesitate to contact THE METAL. Specifications: 19W4, Carbon Steel, Painted Primer Black. Price (Ex VAT) Quantity. 5% during 2023-2030. Region 5. Our investment in the latest manufacturing processes and technology ensures accuracy and efficiency, fulfilling our on-time, every-time philosophy, ultimately saving time and reducing site costs. com | 800. The modular Balltube Mild Steel System allows speedy installation and finishing, with a minimum of on-site welding, providing considerable savings in time and labour costs. Trench Grates. Most commonly this is 41mm x 100mm or 30mm x 100mm. With a variety of expanded metal and steel grating options always in stock for next-day delivery, Intsel Steel West offers a flexible inventory management service for your next project. Serrated. Grating FRP Australia is the number one supplier in Australia specialising in the use and design of FRP Products. NEPEAN Building. Steel Cable: kg: 117. All three products are available with bearing bar spacing ranging from 19/16″ (1-3/16″) to 7/16″ on. Carbon Steel Heat Exchanger, Hydraulic and Pneumatic Tube; Carbon Steel Tube, Pipe and Fittings Product Specification; Aluminium Sheet, Plate and Treadplate. Cut stainless steel sheets, pipe, tubing, and grating with teeth made of impact-resistant carbide. Steel grating is commonly made of flat steel panel and supporting bars welded together with setting spacings. 12 ft. Features Webforge C325 is a walkway grating Available in aluminium (mill finish), mild steel untreated or hot dip galvanised with a plain or serrated surface available Applications Spacings of 40 x 100mm c/c on loadbars and crossrods Standard Grating Mesh Patterns. Steel and HD Steel alloys can be painted with black or red primer. A. Stainless Steel Industrial Grates -Sydney Next. SKU: 170mm2-BLKY. Treads & Nosings Read More. Assumptions for load capacity is on single spans. Hubungi Kami: 0812 9159 9527. Slip resistant steel grating and serrated surfaces are available upon request. Platforms can be for either people, or objects, to stand on. Weldlok Drainage Grates are considered the industry benchmark amongst civil products. 5 / Square Meter 1 Square Meter (MOQ)Chapter 1: Steel Grating Market Product Definition, Product Types, Volume, and Revenue Analysis of Each Type in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East, and Africa from. Our stainless. Address: Cairo :129, Elnarges District 5th Settelment , floor 4 Tanta : 55 El-Geish st. Steel - Smooth and Serrated Imperial (19-4 and 19-2) Steel - Smooth and Serrated Metric (30-102 and 30-51)This grating is a system of interlocking, perpendicular bars. SKU: grate150. Circular Saw Blades for Copper, Brass, and Bronze Prevent clogging when cutting soft metal— these blades have plenty of space between the carbide-tipped teeth to allow chips to escape. We are manufacturing these products using premium grade raw material that is procured from the authentic vendors of the market. It regularly appears on catwalks, factory floors, platforms, railing infill panels, and as Stair Treads. Top Selling Products. 5 requirements, then Webmesh must be fixed under the grating. Galvanized Steel Trench GratesMinimesh grating has a 13mm aperture (42% open), making it comfortable to walk on, allow good drainage but prevent items from falling through. You can purchase stainless steel grates in Sydney from many different retailers who would be happy to fill you in even more on all of the benefits that you get. In the instance of standard welded grating, the “W” indicates the assembly of the grating shall be Welded construction, the “19” indicates that the bearing bars shall be 19/16 (1-3/16) inches on center, and the “4” indicates that the cross bars. GI Steel Grating For Industrial. Jual Custom Steel Grating CV Pramana Dwi Jaya. Harga Plat Grating Polos 25mm x 90cm x 5mm x 6M Full SNI Plain Steel Grating. Mascot Engineering manufacture and stock a large range of rectangular and square access covers and frames that comply with AS3996 load rating requirements. Webforge operates throughout the Asia Pacific region in locations such as India , New Zealand , Singapore , Philippines , Indonesia , Thailand , Vietnam , Malaysia , China , and Australia. Heelguard Grating is the original architectural stainless-steel grating with the added peace of mind of industry-leading slip resistance. applications as its welded steel counterpart. Stainless steel grating platforms are commonly used for mezzanines, floors, staircase landings, walkways and catwalks, work platforms, and so forth. Provides the highest quality steel structure,port machinery and shipbuilding products 00866338368019 consult@spgrpic. Ningbo Jiulong Machinery Manufacturing Co. Linear Grates by Auswave Products. Used in a broad range of stormwater applications, SVC’s galvanised steel grates are made of premium, top-quality galvanised steel which is hot-dip galvanised to the Australian and New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4680. Welded bar grating consists of load bars electrically fuse welded to cross bars. Ltd. 400Mtr. With our design and development. 550. Harga Sale Grating Steel Untuk Selokan Air Besi Baja Got Bisa Costum. Steel Grating Products from Webforge. FRP grating is available in a variety of depths, from 13mm thick to over 50mm thick. Bearing bar spacing, center-to-center – 19-W-4 = 19/16” or 1-3/16” on center. With 45 offices across the country and a fleet of company-owned trucks, we're ready to manufacture and deliver standard grating panels quickly and accurately to your doorstep. 2 Part 2: Timber 2105 Inorganic zinc silicate paint COPYRIGHTPolySource Australia offers a range of commercial and industrial FRP grating options, floor coverings and traction mats, made from a variation of recycled PE, PP, FRP and PE/Wood. Shop for steel grating with a fantastic quality of industrial grating. GJ一1608; GJ一1607; GJ一1606; 9DK OF NEWYORK; Saudi Arabian Haramain High Speed Rail Station(Mecca - Medina) GJ一1610; Shenzhen North Railway Station;Other steel grating sizes and grades are available upon request. It is so popular in Australia, Canada, Philippines, Malaysia, Perth, Singapore, etc. Steel - Smooth and Serrated Imperial (19-4 and. Tubular Handrail Systems. Weldlok handrail systems are available in a variety of materials, including aluminium, mild steel, and stainless steel. FASTENERS COMMONLY USED. They offer a wide range of products and services that can be custom-ordered to meet specific requirements. 7 Billion in 2023. Usage/Application: Industrial. DrainTEK Wedge Wire / Heel Guard Style Shower Grate 3mm Gaps - Stainless Steel - 85mm width Standard Length - Satin Black. is a grating manufacturer in Nigeria, which has committed to bringing quality. Contact Grating FRP Australia at info@gratingfrpaustralia. Amco can supply FRP grating for a range of situations – both for stair treads, platforms and landings. Pipe, Hose, Tube & Fittings. The square pattern design and one-piece construction allows load to be transferred to the adjoining bars providing a superior load-carrying capacity. Webforge grating treads can be made from any grating pattern or profile, and to any dimensions to suit the relevant stairway. strength and light weight, this type of grating also has non-slip characteristics. MaxiGRATE micro mesh with a 13mm x 13mm/40mm x 40mm grid pattern with a 30% open area. Show: 20. Grille can be manufactured into access doors, mounted using a variety of methods and finished in a range of colours.